International Journal of Science and Engineering (IJSE)
The International Journal of Science and Engineering (USE) is a peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary journal published by the Federal Polytechnic, Oko, Anambra State, Nigeria. Sponsored by the Tertiary Education, it is an open-access journal and charges no publication fees.
Federal Polytechnic, Oko, Anambra State, Nigeria
MODELING MOTION AND RATES OF CHANGE: APPLICATIONS IN PHYSICS (KINEMATICS)
Differential calculus serves as the indispensable mathematical language for describing and analyzing motion. This paper explores the fundamental role of derivatives in kinematics, the branch of physics concerned with the description of motion without reference to its cause. We rigorously define concepts such as instantaneous velocity and acceleration as derivatives of position and velocity, respectively. Through illustrative examples, including one-dimensional motion under constant acceleration, projectile motion, and an introduction to simple harmonic motion, we demonstrate how the theoretical framework of differential calculus provides a powerful and precise tool for understanding and predicting the dynamics of physical systems.
Differential calculus, Kinematics, Velocity, Acceleration, Simple harmonic motion
Copyright (c) 2025 A.K Adenugba (Author)
REAL-TIME ANOMALY DETECTION IN FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS USING STREAMING ANALYTICS
This study presents a hybrid deep learning framework for real-time anomaly detection in financial transactions through the combination of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks with Autoencoders (AE) deep learning models. The proposed LSTM model in this study is used to capture sequential dependencies and temporal patterns in transaction sequences, while the AE is used to identify deviations from normal behaviour through reconstruction errors. Then, the models were trained and evaluated using the Metaverse Financial Transactions Dataset which was acquired from Kaggle platform, and it is made up of a rich combination of transactional, behavioural and risk-related attributes, including timestamps, sender and receiver addresses, transaction amounts and types, simulated IP prefixes, location regions, login frequency, session duration, pre-computed risk scores, and labelled anomalies such as phishing and scam indicators. Preprocessing steps included data cleaning, standardization, one-hot encoding of categorical features, sequence construction for LSTM modelling, and feature engineering to capture behavioural trends. The hybrid LSTM-AE model achieved an accuracy of 96.4%, precision of 94.8%, recall of 95.7%, F1-score of 95.2%, and AUC-ROC of 0.983, outperforming the individual LSTM and AE models. These results demonstrate that integrating temporal modelling with reconstruction-based anomaly detection provides a robust framework for detecting fraudulent transactions in decentralized and high-velocity digital financial environments.
Financial Transactions; Anomaly Detection; LSTM; AE; Hybrid Deep Learning
Copyright (c) 2025 Calista Uchenna Nwadialor (Author)
TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS INFECTION AMONG FEMALE STUDENTS OF FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC OKO
This study aimed to investigate Trichomonas vaginalis infections among female students at Federal Polytechnic Oko. The research was conducted according to an established protocol. Using sterile swab sticks, 40 swab samples were obtained and subjected to microscopic inspection. The age group with the greatest infection rate, 18–22 years old, was 63.63%. In comparison to other students, ND1 students had a higher infection rate (86.67%) according to level (year of study). The infection rate among non-pregnant students was higher (18.55%) than that of pregnant students (28.57%). According to this research, female students at Federal Polytechnic Oko are often infected with Trichomonas vaginalis, which implies that hygienic measures should be strengthened. In order to stop Trichomonas vaginalis from spreading, it is advised that Federal Polytechnic Oko students be informed about its presence and the importance it poses to their health.
Trichomonas vaginalis, expectant and non-pregnant female students, level, age category
Copyright (c) 2025 Chukwunonso Mabel Eduzor , Adaugo P Chukwu (Author)
EVALUATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIALS OF Vernonia amygdalina (BITTER LEAVES)
Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) is a widely used medicinal plant in Africa, traditionally valued for its therapeutic benefits, including the management of oxidative stress-related conditions. This study investigated the antioxidant potentials of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays. Fresh bitter leaves were collected, authenticated, dried, pulverized, and extracted with methanol using cold maceration. The antioxidant activity was evaluated at concentrations of 10–50 μg/ml, and the inhibitory concentration 50 (IC₅₀) and effective concentration 50 (EC₅₀) values were determined from inhibition–concentration curves. The results showed that bitter leaf extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with a low IC₅₀ value of 8.13 μg/ml in the DPPH assay, indicating high free radical scavenging ability. The extract also demonstrated a moderate EC₅₀ value of 24.31 μg/ml in the FRAP assay, suggesting moderate reducing power. These findings suggest that Vernonia amygdalina may be a valuable source of natural antioxidants, with potential applications in the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases. The study highlights the need for further research into the bioactive compounds and mechanisms underlying the antioxidant properties of bitter leaf.
Copyright (c) 2025 M.M Ndibe, U.C Chinemelu, A.W Ezeokoli (Author)
ANALYSIS ON PHYTOCHEMICAL, PROXIMATE AND MINERAL CONTENTS OF BITTER LEAF (VERNONIA AMYGDALINA) AND ITS POTENCY IN BLOOD SUGAR REDUCTION
This study investigates the phytochemical, mineral and nutritional composition of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and its potency in blood sugar reduction. Sample collection and preparation was carried out using the method prescribed by association of analytical chemist (AOAC), (2016). Phytochemical contents of bitter leaf was analyzed using Harborne JB., (1973) method. The study revealed the presence of alkaloids (8.94 mg/kg), flavonoids (0.98 mg/kg), saponins (26.32 mg/kg), tannins (12.00 mg/kg), phenols (20.06 mg/kg), steroids (19.33 mg/kg), and glycosides (4.50 mg/kg). proximate analysis carried out on bitter leaf using standard laboratory method revealed the presence of carbohydrate (37.10 ± 1.60 mg/100g), crude protein (28.10 ± 1.30mg/100g), ash content (9.30 ± 0.23 mg/100g), crude fiber (11.50 ± 0.40 mg/100g), fats (5.45 ± 0.28 mg/100g) and moisture content (8.40 ± 0.04 mg/100g). Also mineral composition analyzed on bitter leaf revealed the presence of Iron (15.00 mg/100g), phosphorous (60.20 mg/100g), Copper (5.50 mg/100g), zinc (8.90 mg/100g), magnesium (85.70 mg/100g), potassium (61.00 mg/100g), and Calcium (65.50 mg/100g). The study proved bitter leaf rich in phytochemicals, minerals and nutritional components essential for human health and blood sugar reduction. The bioactive compounds present in bitter leaf such as saponins, phenols and steroids plays significant role in blood sugar reduction by protecting pancreatic cells while alkaloids enhance insulin sensitivity. Magnesium enhances the activity of insulin thereby reducing blood sugar. These reveals that bitter leaf (V. amygdalina) has effective potentials needed for blood sugar reduction. Hence further investigation will reveal hypoglycemic effects as well as the cytotoxic effects induced by V. amygdalina extract.
Copyright (c) 2025 Peace Chinaza Mbama, Cletus Ekene Mgbechi (Author)
PHYSICAL PRODUCTION OF NIGERIAN RICE HUSK ACTIVATED CARBON: A CASE OF WASTE TO WEALTH
The study involves production of activated carbon from Nigerian rice husk waste by physical method. The samples were obtained from milled rice husk dump in Omor, Anambra State. Three treatment stages were carried out involving carbonization of the rice husk, leaching/separation of SiO2, and activation of the resulting carbonaceous material. Carbonization was done in a Flow Reactor of 5000cm3 capacity at 600oC. Leaching of carbonized rice husk was done using NaOH followed by precipitation of silica and filtration. Obtained carbonaceous material was activated by physical activation method using water vapor as well as carbon dioxide in a Reactor with external electric heating without access of air. After carbonization, material containing 43.11% C and 25.01 % silicon with a specific surface area of 51.6 m2/g was obtained from material originally containing 39.21% C, 7.01% silica, and specific surface area of about 0.158m2/g . The specific surface area and carbon content of the material increased to 204.5 m2/g and 70.75% by weight respectively while the silicon content decreased to 1.24% by weight after leaching. Activation of carbon material using water vapor at the flow rate of 0.09dm3 /min per 500g of material and at the temperature of 850 °C yields 1346m2/g specific surface area - the best result. Therefore, activated carbon can be effectively produced from Nigerian rice husk by physical method using water vapor which is economical and environmentally friendly method.
Rice-husk, carbonization, leaching, activation, carbon, and area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Joseph Jideofor Obodoeze , Benjamin Onyebuchi Udoye (Author)
HIGH TEMPERATURE CORROSION ON MATERIALS TO THE ENVIRONMENT
High temperature corrosion is referred to a chemical attack from gasses, sold, molten salts, or molten metal’s, typically at temperatures above 400®C to 750®F High temperature corrosion is a significant concern in various industries, particularly those dealing with high temperature processes like diesel engines, gas turbines, and furnaces. It leads to material degradation, impacting structural integrity and potentially causing environmental problems. The primary environment impacts are related to air pollution and global warming, as well as the release of corrosive substances into the environment. High temperature corrosion is a mechanism of corrosion that takes place when gas turbines, diesel engines, furnaces and other machinery that come in contact with hot gas contaminates, these is caused by chemical attack from gases salts, and is a liquid les corrosion attack that can greatly affect some applications.
High temperature corrosion, Turbines, Furnaces, Material degradation, Air pollution and global warming
SYNTHESIS OF ANTIMONY DOPED ZINC OXIDE THIN FILMS USING SOL-GEL DEPOSITION TECHNIQUE
Sol-gel technique was successfully used to deposit antimony zinc oxide (Sb:ZnO) thin films on the pre-treated substrate at 60oC. The deposition time and dopant concentration were varied and its effect on the structural, morphological, compositional and optical properties of the films were examined using X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray and spectrophotometer respectively. The optical results showed that the deposited films have high absorbance in Ultra Violet region which decrease towards the Near Infra-red region. Energy dispersive X-ray results confirmed that Antimony, Zinc and Oxygen were deposited. XRD result revealed that increase in dip time and dopant concentration led to increase in average crystallite size and improved structure. Dislocation densities and microstrain values decreased with increase in dip time and dopant concentration. X-ray diffraction result revealed hexagon phase of zinc oxide with C-axis orientation. The films have wide energy bandgap which is used for optoelectronic and thermoelectric device fabrication. The grown films have high absorbance in the ultra violet region so are good materials for window coating in the temperate regions of the world, (like in Nigeria) because all the harmful ultra violet rays will be absorbed by such films when used to coat the windows. This is a good substitute of the conventional costly air conditioner.
Antimony, zinc oxide, thin films, optical properties, sol-gel technique
Copyright (c) 2025 Chinazo Desmond Nwajiobi , E.I Ottih (Author)
MODULATING BLOOD PROFILES: THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF CUCUMEROPSIS MANNII SEED OIL IN ALBINO RATS EXPOSED TO CISPLATIN TOXICITY
This research work was designed to determine the modulatory effect of Cucumeropsis mannii seed oil (CMSO) on hematological parameters of cisplatin induced toxicity in albino rats. A total of 36 albino rats were randomly assigned into six experimental groups. Group1 (normal control) was fed on pellet and allowed free access to water; Group2 (cisplatin only) received 20mg/Kg body weight of cisplatin only; Group3 (treated group) received 20mg/Kg body weight of cisplatin and 5ml/Kg b.w. of CMSO; Group4 (treated group) received 20mg/Kg body weight of cisplatin and 2.5 ml/Kg b.w. of CMSO; Group5 (treated group) received 20mg/Kg body weight of cisplatin and 7.5ml/Kg b.w. of CMSO; Group6 (CMSO only) received 5ml/Kg body weight of CMSO only. All the animals were allowed free access to water and feed without restriction. The administrations were done by oral intubation once daily for three weeks. The results showed that administration of cisplatin to albino rats caused a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the levels of red blood cell count and significantly (p<0.05) increase in the level of white blood cell count when compared to controls. The results also showed that administration of cisplatin to albino rats showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the levels of hemoglobin and PCV in relation to controls. However, concurrent administration of cisplatin and CMSO showed a significant (p<0.05) reversal in the trends of these parameters to a level comparable to the level observed in the control group when compared to group that received cisplatin alone. The result also revealed that there was no significant (p>0.05) difference in the group administered CMSO only when compared with the normal controls. It’s recommended that Cucumeropsis mannii seed oil could be used to manage hematological imbalance in cisplatin administrations.
Hematology, Imbalance, Cisplatin and C.mannii
Copyright (c) 2025 Ezebuilo. U Ekpono, Osita. G Okoye, Kester. U Udeh, Adaude E Amaluweze (Author)
EVALUATION OF CITRUS SINENSIS (ORANGE) PEEL EXTRACT AS A GREEN INHIBITOR FOR CARBON STEEL CORROSION IN HCl and H2SO4 SOLUTIONS
This study investigated the corrosion inhibitory potential of Citrus sinensis (orange peel) extract on carbon steel in 1M hydrochloric and 1M sulphuric acid environments. Experimental results revealed that the extract exhibited notable inhibition efficiencies, reaching 76.92% in HCl and 72.97% in H₂SO₄ at 1.5 g/L concentration and 60°C. A clear inverse relationship between inhibitor concentration and corrosion rate was observed, highlighting the extract’s concentration-dependent behaviour. The higher performance in chloride-rich media suggests enhanced adsorption due to favourable molecular interactions. These findings underscore the thermal stability and versatility of Citrus sinensis extract across varied acidic conditions, reinforcing its suitability for sustainable corrosion management. As a green inhibitor derived from agro-waste, it offers eco-friendly advantages, cost efficiency, and the potential for industrial integration. Overall, the extract presented a compelling case for scalable application in corrosion control systems where environmental safety and chemical robustness are priorities.
Corrosion inhibition, Carbon-steel, Citrus sinensis, Inhibition efficiency, Corrosion rate
Copyright (c) 2025 N.O Okey-Onochie, C.F Chukwujike (Author)
PROSPECTS OF DIGITAL AGRICULTURE IN ACHIEVEMENT OF FOOD SUFFICIENCY IN NIGERIA
Agriculture is the principal source of food and livelihood of many Nigerians. Although agriculture contributes high percentage of the total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Nigeria, challenges such as poor land tenure system, low level of irrigation farming, climate change, land degradation, low technology usage, high production cost and poor distribution of inputs, limited financing, high post-harvest losses and poor access to markets hinders it from producing sufficient food for the nation. The paper presents a study conducted between January and April 2024 to identify and analyze the prospects of digital agriculture in achievement of food sufficiency in Nigeria. Descriptive research design was adopted for this study. The data for the study; secondary data were obtained from researches on digital agriculture and food production in Nigeria. The findings of the study showed that digital agriculture can enable efficient use/management of land, efficient use of technologies in farming and marketing of produce, access to adequate information and sufficient finance, adequate use of inputs, reduction of effects of climate change, and post-harvest losses and ensures security of farmers, laborers, land and produce and these factors enhance productivity and ensures food sufficiency. It was recommended that digital agriculture should be adopted in order to achieve food sufficiency in Nigeria.
Digital Agriculture, Technology, Food Production, Food Sufficiency, Challenges.
Copyright (c) 2025 V.N Okoma, F.C 1Ezetoha (Author)
PHYSIO-CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF STORED WATER SOLD WITHIN OKO, ANAMBRA STATE
Access to portable drinking water is still a far cry in so many communities in Sub-sahara Africa. Storage of water ensures continuity in supply during interruption or draught. Bottled water samples sold in store rooms in Oko were assessed for 21days. Samples were analyzed using Standard laboratory methods and the results compared to WHO standards. pH increased (6.60-6.85) at room temperature. The conductivity was stable at room temperature but increased slightly (5.2-5.4msu/cm) on exposure to sunlight. Hardness, alkalinity and Nitrate content increased slightly in all the samples within the storage period under room temperature and decreased on exposure to sunlight for all the samples. Chloride decreased (36-32mg/l) at room temperature and increased (48-50mg/l) on exposure to sunlight. There was no significant change in lead and cadmium content within the period of storage both under room temperature and on exposure to sunlight. Total Coliform count increased for all the samples at room temperature during the period of storage (0.6 x 10cfu/ml - 4.3 x 10cfu/ml) and decreased on the last day. These values exceeded the WHO standard for coliform bacteria of 0cfu/ml The Physio-chemical properties of all the samples aside Lead and cadmium were within World health Organization (WHO) and Nigeria Drinking Water Regulation Agency (NDWRA) standard. Exposure of water to sunlight alters physio-chemical properties of water. Water is best stored under room temperature for not more than 7 days.
Water, Storage, Standard, Physio-chemical, coliform, bacteria
Copyright (c) 2025 Adaugo P Chukwu , Peace C Mbama (Author)
BOUNDS FOR TOEPLITZ DETERMINANTS OF A CERTAIN SET OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS DEFINED BY -DIFFERENTIATION AND HYPERBOLIC COSINE FUNCTION
In complex analysis, determinants are used to study properties of matrices arising from complex-valued functions, particularly in transformations, residue computations, Jacobians for conformal mappings, systems of complex equations, and in evaluating special matrices like Toeplitz and Hankel. Thus, this study is on a certain set consisting of analytic and univalent functions of the Taylor’s series defined by using and maps the unit disk onto a domain defined by the hyperbolic cosine function In the methodology, the principles of quantum derivative (q-derivative) operator, subordination, q-series expansion, and some widely acknowledged lemmas are adopted. The established results include the initial coefficient bounds for and Toeplitz determinants: , , , and . These results however generalised many existing ones thereby expanding the scope of its applications in areas such as in the solution to analytical problems of orthogonal polynomials, determinants, and frequency analysis where the special cases of the Toeplitz determinants are involved.
Analytic function, univalent function, hyperbolic cosine function, Toeplitz determinant, coefficient bounds.
Copyright (c) 2025 Olajide Lasode Ayotunde , Abubakar Tijani Saadatu , Olawale Abdulkadri Abdulazeez (Author)
EXPERIMENTAL MODELING OF FEED FORWARD NEURAL NETWORKS FOR OUT OF STOCK PREDICTION: A COMPARATIVE HIDDEN LAYER APPROACH
It is always not a pleasant experience when a customer comes to a commercial enterprise to purchase a product and that product is not available. To solve the problem, this paper presents an out-of-stock (OOS) prediction model. Achieving this aim involves methodologies such as data collection from OOS records, then data processing using standardized techniques such as imputation for replacement of missing values, Chi-square for feature selection, and principal component analysis (PCA) or feature transformation, respectively. The processed data were applied to train a neural network architectures varied with five different hidden layers, and the results obtained were evaluated and validated through comparative analysis. Findings showed the modeling of neural networks with increased depth of neurons has a great impact on the performance of OOS prediction models; however, one has to be careful in the modeling to address issues of overfitting.
Feed forward neural network, hidden layer, Out of stock, MSE, Regression
Copyright (c) 2025 Obiora C Nwana, Cyprian Tochukwu Onyia (Author)
ICT AS THE BEDROCK OF MASSIVE AGRICULTURAL BREAKTHROUGH IN NIGERIA
The journal study explores the role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in driving agricultural breakthroughs in Nigeria. We examine the current state of ICT adoption in Nigerian agriculture, identify challenges, and propose strategies for leveraging ICT to enhance agricultural productivity. Our findings suggest that ICT can significantly improve agricultural outcomes by providing farmers with access to relevant information, enhancing decision-making, and promoting efficient resource allocation.
ICT, Agriculture, Nigeria, Agricultural productivity, Technology adoption
Copyright (c) 2025 Gift Ukoma Eyisi (Author)
ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY OF SOME LOCALLY PRODUCED DISINFECTANTS ON SOME CLINICAL ISOLATES
The study aimed at evaluating the antibacterial efficacy of some locally produced disinfectants on some clinical isolates. The isolates obtained were identified through the morphology and biochemical tests. The organisms include Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp., Salmonella sp., and Escherichia coli. Antibacterial assay was carried out on test organisms using agar well diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar and were incubated at 37°C for 24hours. The results showed zone of inhibition in diameter. For sample A, the zones of inhibition were 33mm, 35mm, 38mm, 28mm on Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp., Salmonella sp., and Escherichia coli respectively. Sample B was 20mm, 18mm, 27mm, and 30mm on Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp., Salmonella sp., and Escherichia coli respectively. Sample C had a zone of inhibition of 36mm, 25mm, 20mm, and 23mm on Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp., Salmonella sp., and Escherichia coli respectively. Sample D showed a zone of inhibition of 35mm, 32mm, 31mm, and 35mm on Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp., Salmonella sp., and Escherichia coli respectively. This result showed that sample A and D had more antibacterial effect against the Gram positive and Gram negative organisms used while sample B and C were less effective on them.
Antibacterial efficacy, locally produced disinfectants, clinical isolates, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spa.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bala Usman Abdullahi (Author)
ENGINEERING-BASED APPROACHES TO INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RESOURCE RECOVERY: A CASE STUDY OF SCHOOL ENVIRONMENTS
Increased waste generation, especially in institutional environments such as universities, presents an urgent challenge for engineers and environmental scientists. This paper adopts an engineering perspective to analyze waste streams, characterize their physicochemical properties, and evaluate appropriate handling, treatment, and recovery processes. Emphasis is placed on the design and optimization of solid and liquid waste management systems, including recycling technologies, energy recovery pathways, and advanced treatment methodologies. The study examines the University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN), as a model academic environment, proposing a closed-loop system for sustainable resource utilization. Engineering strategies for material flow analysis, process integration, and life cycle assessment (LCA) are explored to inform sustainable waste handling.
Waste management system, Recycling Technologies, Material Flow analysis, Closed-Loop system, Life cycle assessment (LCA).
Copyright (c) 2025 C.N Eleke, O.E Onuorah (Author)
INTEGRATED ENGINEERING APPROACHES FOR SOIL CONSERVATION AND EROSION MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA SCHOOL CAMPUSES: A CASE STUDY FOR FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC OKO
Soil degradation due to erosion and unsustainable land use practices presents a critical threat to construction productivity, environmental stability, agricultural productivity and food security in Nigeria. This paper presents an integrative review of soil characteristics, erosion types, and mechanical soil conservation methods from an engineering perspective. Emphasis is placed on structural interventions such as contour bunding, terracing, and flumes, and their empirical effectiveness in mitigating erosion across various Nigerian ecological zones. The study incorporates simulation modeling tools including USLE and SLEMSA to evaluate erosion risk and proposes a model for optimizing waste utilization from institutions such as the Federal Polytechnic Oko, Anambra State. The findings advocate for engineering-based soil management strategies supported by remote sensing and geospatial technologies for sustainable land development.
Soil erosion, Mechanical conservation, Contour bunding, Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), Sustainable agriculture, Geotechnical engineering.
PROXIMATE AND SENSORY QUALITIES OF BREAKFAST CEREALS FROM SPROUTED MILLET AND BAMBARANUT COMPOSITE FLOUR
The proximate and sensory qualities of breakfast cereals produced from sprouted millet and bambaranut composite flour were investigated in this study. Sprouted millet and bambaranut flours were blended into various ratios of 90:10 (AOE), 60:40 (BOD), 70:30 (COC), 50:50 (DOB) and 100% yellow corn flour (EOA) which was used to produce the breakfast cereals. The breakfast cereals were analyzed for their proximate composition and evaluated for their sensory qualities. The proximate composition of the breakfast cereals varied from 8.26% -9.84% for moisture content, 8.44% -11.92% for crude protein, 10.85% - 14.84% for fat, 1.25% - 2.36% for crude fibre, 1.24% -2.16% for ash and 61.70% -67.46% for carbohydrate content. The sensory qualities of the breakfast cereals ranged from 4.60 -7.40 for colour, 3.70 – 7.30 for aroma, 4.60 – 7.90 for taste, 5.90 – 7.30 for texture, 6.80 – 7.70 for crunchiness, 5.80 – 7.70 for appearance and 5.70 – 8.40 for overall acceptability respectively. Breakfast Cereals from this composite flour had a significant difference (p< 0.05) across the parameters of moisture content, crude protein, fat, crude fibre, ash and carbohydrate content. Composite flour formulations were not significantly different (p<0.05) from the control in overall acceptability. This shows the possibility of producing nutritious breakfast cereals with desirable organoleptic qualities or properties from sprouted millet and bambaranut composite flour.
breakfast cereals, bambaranut, sprouted millet
Copyright (c) 2025 J.N Emerenini, J .K Anozie, P. U Chidolue, N. U Umennakenyi, R. I Onyeneho (Author)
RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF AGULU-OKO-UMUNZE 33KV FEEDER FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION: A CASE STUDY OF OKO COMMUNITY IN ORUMBA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ANAMBRA STATE
The major problem of electricity consumers in Nigeria is as a result of frequent power outages caused by faults on the distribution line. As it is being witnessed all around Nigeria, Oko community which is fed with the 33kV Agulu-Oko-Umunze feeder is chosen as a case study. Data containing number of faults on each feeder to different villages in Oko Community and their respective downtime were collected. These data collected were analyzed mathematically to estimate the reliability of the 33KV Agulu-Oko-Umunze feeder in Oko Community for a period of five years. The reliability indices for the year 2024 and 2025 are being considered as the base study. The outages on the 33KV feeders were studied for 24 months on daily outage data collected from the station. Based on the result obtained from the data analysis illustrated with graphs, it was deduced that dedicated feeders such as Ezioko and Eziabo have the highest reliability and more available compared to others residential feeders. This can be attributed to the level of their load demands. Generally, the feeders have least reliability during the period of May to October due to high dependence of students during the academic periods. The researcher carried out this research due to the frequent outages the community always experience due to the presence of high density of student’s hostels and lodges.
Reliability, Availability, MTTR, Failure rate, Feeders.
Copyright (c) 2025 Christopher Uche Osuji, MarkAnthony Kenechukwu Onwughalu (Author)
ENGINEERING A SMALL-SCALE NUT-CRACKING MACHINE: COMPUTATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION FOR RUBUS FRUTICOSUS PROCESSING
Processing Rubus fruticosus nuts requires effective, environmentally friendly equipment to minimize mechanical damage and retain bioactive substances like anthocyanins and polyphenols. Advanced engineering solutions are required since traditional approaches frequently lead to inefficiency and nutrient loss. Through careful calculations for pulleys, shafts, and keys, this study sought to create a nut-cracking machine that was optimized for Rubus fruticosus nuts, with an emphasis on high cracking efficiency, little mechanical damage, and structural integrity. A mild steel frame of 600 mm by 400 mm by 500 mm, a “Type A” V-belt, and a 2 HP (1.492 kW) electric motor were all used in the design. Shaft diameter (70 mm), key length (100 mm), and pulley size (driver: 120 mm, driven: 240 mm) were all calculated. Frame integrity was evaluated using Autodesk Inventor 2023's Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Cutting, welding, and buying common parts like belts and bearings were all part of the fabrication process. The machine produced a torque of 12.344 N·m, a V-belt pitch length of 1201.42 mm, and a design horsepower of 1.939 kW. With a deflection of 2101.468 µm, the shaft withstands a maximum bending stress of 732.821 MPa and a shear stress of 36.061 MPa. A maximum frame displacement of 0.017 mm and a primary stress of 10.511 MPa were found using FEA, which is significantly less than the mild steel yield strength of 250 MPa. The strength of the key was ensured by its safety factor of 401.761. For processing Rubus fruticosus nuts on a small scale, the nut-cracking machine that was created is both efficient and structurally robust.
Nut cracking machine, V-belt transmission, pulley design, shaft calculation, key specification
Copyright (c) 2025 John. C Onu, Ifeanyichukwu U Onyenanu, Chinedu C. C. Anyene (Author)
PERFORMANCE METRICS OF 5G MOBILE COMMUNICATION NETWORK AND ITS IMPACT ON COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
The emergence of Fifth Generation (5G) wireless technology marks a transformative shift in modern communication systems introducing unprecedented capabilities in speed, latency, connectivity and reliability. This paper examines the key performance metrics of 5G mobile networks such as data throughput, latency, spectral efficiency, energy efficiency and network capacity evaluating their collective impact on next-generation communication systems. With data transfer rates reaching up to 10Gbps and latency reduced to sub-millisecond levels, 5G networks dramatically enhance real-time interactions and support ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). Also, improvements in spectral and energy efficiency contribute to sustainable and scalable network deployments especially in dense urban areas. These performance enhancements facilitate revolutionary applications including augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), autonomous transportation systems, remote healthcare and massive machine-type communications (mMTC) in the Internet of Things (IoT) domain. Network slicing capability of 5G ensures tailored service quality for diverse applications enhancing user experience and operational efficiency across industries. However, challenges such as high infrastructure costs, spectrum availability and cybersecurity concerns accompany this technological evolution. This paper concludes that 5G performance metrics are redefining the architecture and scope of communication systems enabling a future of seamless, intelligent and interconnected digital ecosystems. As these metrics continue to evolve with ongoing research and deployment, they will play pivotal role in shaping the resilience, inclusivity and responsiveness of global communications for years to come. Future work can focus on optimizing these metrics to support the evolution toward 6G and beyond.
Communication systems, Latency, Spectral efficiency, 5G Networks and Network Slicing.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ugochukwu John Ibe, Adaobi, Sochima Emekaoranebo (Author)
INFLUENCE OF TRADITIONAL COOKING STYLES ON GLYCEMIC INDEX OF RICE MEALS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF JOLLOF, FRIED, STEWED, AND OFE AKWU RICE IN SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIACATION SYSTEMS
The glycemic index (GI) measures the impact of carbohydrate-containing foods on postprandial blood glucose levels and is critical in dietary management, particularly for individuals with or at risk of diabetes. In Nigeria, rice is a staple food widely consumed in diverse traditional forms such as Jollof rice, Fried rice, Stewed rice, and Ofe Akwu rice. However, limited data exist on how these culturally significant cooking styles influence glycemic response. This study assessed and compared the GI of these four rice meals among healthy adults in southeastern Nigeria. Ten participants took part in a randomized crossover trial, each consuming a portion of the rice meals and a glucose solution (reference) on separate days, providing 50 grams of available carbohydrates per meal. Capillary blood glucose was measured at fasting, and at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes post-consumption. The incremental area under the curve (IAUC) was calculated using the trapezoidal rule, and GI was computed relative to the glucose reference. One-way ANOVA was used to determine statistical significance at p < 0.05. Jollof rice exhibited the highest GI (76.72), followed by Fried rice (68.40), Stewed rice (56.34), and Ofe Akwu rice (53.43). The glucose solution peaked at 162 mg/dL at 60 minutes, while Ofe Akwu rice showed the lowest peak at 128 mg/dL. Although the observed differences were not statistically significant (F = 1.089, p = 0.383), the practical implications are notable. Traditional cooking styles influence glycemic responses, with fat-rich preparations like Ofe Akwu rice potentially offering glycemic advantages.
Glycemic Index, Rice Meals, Traditional Cooking, Rice Meals, Postprandial Glucose
Copyright (c) 2025 Kester Uzoma Udeh (Author)
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION IN MASSIVE MIMO USING A PRICING BASED APPROACH
Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (mMIMO) is a promising technology for improving the energy efficiency (EE) of wireless communication networks. However, there are several conﬂicting objective problems that need to be addressed to achieve optimal EE in mMIMO network. In this paper, we present an optimization framework, which is based on multi-objective optimization (MOO) used to investigate a pricing cost based approach in mMIMO network. A network pricing cost is introduced to the energy consumption as a penalty for the achievable spectral efﬁciency (SE), and studies its impact on the tradeoff between the EE and the throughput. It is difficult to directly solve the problem as it is non-convex, and thus scalarization technique was used to transform the MOO problem into a single-objective optimization (SOO) instead of using iterative algorithms that relied on the dual decomposition for obtaining the pricing cost, optimal throughput and EE. Finally, numerical simulations are used to characterize the interaction between the EE and throughput for various network parameters such as power when the network is designed from the energy-efficient perspective.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gerald C Eze (Author)
EXPLORING THE CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE INTEGRATION IN NIGERIA’S POLYTECHNIC EDUCATION SECTOR
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into Nigeria’s polytechnic education sector presents a transformative yet complex shift, with significant implications for teaching, learning, and institutional development. As polytechnics are mandated to produce industry-relevant, hands-on graduates, the adoption of AI technologies ranging from intelligent tutoring systems to predictive analytics offers promising opportunities for personalized learning, administrative efficiency, and workforce alignment. However, despite global advances in AI-driven education, Nigeria’s polytechnics face considerable challenges, including inadequate digital infrastructure, limited AI literacy among educators, policy gaps, and funding constraints. This paper explores both the prospects and obstacles of AI integration, drawing on current literature and empirical findings to critically analyze the Nigerian context. The study identifies critical gaps such as curriculum rigidity, digital divides, and faculty resistance, which hinder sustainable implementation. Nevertheless, it highlights key opportunities in AI-enabled STEM training, innovation incubation, and the potential to bridge educational inequities through intelligent content delivery systems. The paper concludes that while infrastructural and socio-cultural barriers exist, strategic investments in digital capacity, policy reform, and cross-sector collaboration can position Nigeria’s polytechnic education system to fully harness the benefits of AI for national development and global competitiveness.
Artificial Intelligence (AI), Polytechnic Education, Digital Infrastructure, STEM Training and Education Policy
Copyright (c) 2025 Patrick. O Anierobi , Chiazor Jisieike (Author)
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF RICE HUSK ASH ADDITION ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Al-Cu-Mg ALLOY COMPOSITE
Investigation of the effects of rice husk addition on the mechanical properties of Al-Cu-Mg composite was carried out. Rice husk ash was added to the Al-Cu-Mg alloy at an interval of 2 weight (%) up to 10 weights (%) using the double stir casting process. The mechanical properties examined include hardness value, ultimate tensile strength, ductility and impact energy. The microstructural examination was done through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the addition of rice husk ash to the alloy increased the hardness value, while the impact energy decreased as the weight percent of the rice husk ash increases in the composite. Maximum values of yield strength and ultimate tensile strength was noticed at 8 weight (%) addition. The increase in strength and hardness is as a result of distribution of hard, brittle ceramic phases in the ductile matrix. The results obtained generally show that addition of rice husk ash to the Al-Cu-Mg alloy can improve its properties and could be a potential substitute for certain constituents of Aluminium alloy composite.
Rice husk ash, mechanical properties, Composite matrix, Aluminium alloy, Stir casting.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nonso. E Okigbo, Tochukwu. G Okafor (Author)
HIGH-FIDELITY CONTROL OF SUPERCONDUCTING QUBITS: OPTIMIZED PULSE STRATEGIES FOR QUANTUM COMPUTING APPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
This study explores high-fidelity control methods for superconducting qubits, focusing on their potential applications in addressing technological challenges in Africa. We evaluate three pulse optimization techniques—Gaussian-shaped pulses, Gradient Ascent Pulse Engineering (GRAPE), and Chopped Random-Basis (CRAB)—for achieving robust quantum gate operations. Through numerical simulations, CRAB emerges as the most balanced approach, delivering high fidelity (0.927) with moderate computational cost (9 seconds), while Gaussian pulses demonstrate superior noise resilience (1.000 fidelity under noise). These findings highlight the feasibility of adapting advanced quantum control methods for resource-constrained settings, with implications for quantum-enhanced solutions in African healthcare, agriculture, and logistics. The study underscores the need for localized quantum research infrastructure to bridge the global technological divide.
Superconducting qubits, quantum control, CRAB optimization, Africa, high-fidelity gates
Copyright (c) 2025 Kenneth Ugo Udeze (Author)
INTEGRATING RENEWABLE ENERGY INTO NIGERIA’S NATIONAL GRID: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS
Nigeria’s energy sector is undergoing a critical transformation amid growing electricity demand, persistent power shortages, and rising climate commitments. With a population exceeding 220 million and an electrification rate around 55%, the country faces an urgent imperative to expand energy access while transitioning to a cleaner and more resilient power system. Despite abundant renewable energy resources including solar, hydro, wind, and biomass renewables account for less than 10% of total electricity generation due to entrenched structural challenges. These include technical limitations, outdated grid infrastructure, frequent system collapses regulatory inconsistencies, financial barriers, and a shortage of skilled human capital. This paper critically examines the multifaceted constraints hindering renewable energy integration into Nigeria’s national grid and evaluates policy and technological interventions aimed at overcoming them. Key policy reforms, such as the Electricity Act 2023 and the Energy Transition Plan (ETP), signal a shift toward decentralized, low-carbon energy development. Additionally, technological advancements in smart grids, energy storage, and falling renewable costs create favorable conditions for accelerated deployment. The study highlights the importance of coordinated investments in grid modernization, regulatory clarity, capacity building, and innovative financing mechanisms to unlock Nigeria’s renewable energy potential. A strategic, multi-stakeholder approach will not only improve energy access and grid reliability but also catalyze economic growth, environmental sustainability, and energy resilience.
Renewable Energy Integration, Grid Modernization, Decentralized Energy System, Energy Transition Policy and Infrastructure Challenges
Copyright (c) 2025 Patrick Ogechukwu Anierobi , John Egbunike Ananti (Author)
GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF SAND DERIVED FROM AWDAW RIVER CHANNEL OKO-AMAOKPALA AREA ANAMBRA BASIN, SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA
The alarming rate of failure and collapse of infrastructures in Nigeria is statistically notable setbacks to economic growth and constitute major causes of loss of lives and properties. Five (5) sand samples, named Oko samples 1-5, were collected from Awdaw River Channel at Oko-Amaokpala area, Anambra Basin. The samples were prepared and subjected to geotechnical tests such as Atterberg limits (liquid limits, LL, Plastic limits, PL, Plasticity index, PI, shrinkage limit); Compaction test (Optimum Moisture Content (OMC), Maximum Dry Density), Grain size distribution, Triaxial compression, Natural Moisture Content and Specific Gravity, using standard methods. The result shows that natural moisture content varies from 11.4% to 13.0%, specific gravity ranged from 2.56mg/cm3 to 2.67mg/cm3. The Particle size distribution revealed gravel content (0%), sand (81.7% - 89%) and fines (11.0% - 18.3%). The Atterberg limit test showed liquid limit (LL) that ranged from 27.0% to 35%. Plastic limit (PL), ranged from 11.0% to 17%. Similarly, the angle of shearing resistance, (ɸ), ranged from 260 to 310 and effective cohesion ranged from 10kN/m2 to 16KN/m2. The shear stress (Ʈ) values ranged from 258.81KN/m2 to 338.00KN/m2 with pressures of 100, 200, and 300KN/m2. The compaction test revealed that void spaces will contain lots of air and will require good compactive effort to improve its engineering properties. The predominance of sand would guarantee high performance when used in making sandscrete blocks and in road construction works. Generally, the sand is good material for building construction, albeit, not good to be used as base course material in highway construction.
Geotechnical, Infrastructure, Sand, Sandcrete, Oko
Copyright (c) 2025 Fredrick Uchenna Ogbuagu, Ezindu Ebuka Okoli (Author)
HARNESSING THE PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BRYOPHYLLUM PINNATUM FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT-BASED ANTIBACTERIAL SOAP IN NIGERIA
Bryophyllum pinnatum is a medicinal plant widely recognized for its therapeutic properties, including antimicrobial activity. This study explored its phytochemical composition, antibacterial potential, and application in herbal soap formulation. Fresh leaves of B. pinnatum were extracted using ethanol, and qualitative phytochemical screening was performed to detect secondary metabolites. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the agar well diffusion method. The extract demonstrating the highest activity was incorporated at 3% w/w into a cold-process soap base post-saponification to preserve bioactivity. Physical properties and pH of the formulated soap were assessed. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids (+++), flavonoids (++), tannins (++), terpenoids (++), glycosides (+), saponins (+), and phenols (+). The ethanol extract exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition against the tested bacteria, with the highest activity observed against Staphylococcus spp. The herbal soap maintained a stable texture, skin-compatible pH, and retained antibacterial activity. Comparative evaluation showed superior efficacy over selected commercial herbal soaps. The study demonstrates that B. pinnatum leaf extract possesses significant antibacterial activity and can be effectively incorporated into herbal soap formulations. These findings highlight its potential as a natural antimicrobial agent for personal hygiene products, with implications for reducing reliance on synthetic additives.
Bryophyllum pinnatum, phytochemicals, antibacterial activity, herbal soap, and natural product formulation
Bernadine Chikodili Bernadine Chikodili Agbo
Copyright (c) 2025 Helen Okwuoma Nnabuenyi, Chioma Irene Awuzie, Bernadine Chikodili Bernadine Chikodili Agbo (Author)